These chapters explore a number of issues in the contemporary study of Paul raised by questing what it means to read Paul from within Judaism? rather than supposing that he left the practice and promotion of living Jewishly behind after his discovery of Jesus as Christ (Messiah). This is a different question to those which have driven the "New Perspective" over the last thirty years, which still operates from many traditional assumptions about Paul's motives and behavior, viewing them as inconsistent with and critical of Judaism.